Criminal Law Study Guide Essay

Murder carries a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment, which is 15 years. Sound memory—the person responsible must not be insane. Age of discretion — a child less than 10 years old is not criminally responsible for his/her actions. Since S. 34 of the Crime and Disorder Act of 1998 the presumption of doli incapax has been abolished and consequently any child over 10 years has potentially full legal capacity. Unlawfully kills — the act must be an unlawful killing. The law recognises that in certain circumstances the killing may be either justified or authorised eg. xecution or self defence. Living human being — a foetus is not deemed in law to be a living human being. However, a murder conviction may be possible if a foetus is injured and, after birth, dies as a result of injuries sustained whilst in the womb. Attorney-General’s Reference (No 3, 1994) 1996. A defendant cannot be convicted of the murder of someone who is already dead at the time of the attack. R v Maicherek and Steel 1981 The accused had seriously wounded the victim who was then artificially maintained on a respirator. When it was discovered that irreversible brain damage had occurred the respirator was turned off M was found guilty of murder and his appeal was dismissed when he claimed the doctor had caused death. It was his act which caused death. The court appeared to favour the approach that death occurs when the victim is brain-dead. Queen’s Peace — killing an enemy during wartime is not murder. Malice aforethought — since the case of R v Moloney the mens rea of murder is the intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm. ACTUS REUS The actus reus of murder is that the killing is unlawful, causation must be stablished (A caused B’s death) and the victim must be a human being. (see causation notes from AS). MENS REA DIAGRAM MENS REA The mens rea of murder is malice aforethought which is the intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm (GBH). There are two forms of intent: †¢ Direct intent — this is what D desires, eg. pointing a gun at someone and sh ooting them because you want to kill them. It was their aim or purpose to kill. †¢ Indirect or oblique intent — this is not necessarily what D desires but what he foresees will almost certainly happen, eg. D sets fire to a building and killed someone, did he foresee the risk that death might occur? Four important cases must be looked at. R v Moloney 1985 A soldier shot and killed his stepfather in response to a drunken challenge. He claimed that he had not aimed the gun at the victim and had, at the time, no idea that firing it would cause injury. The judge directed the jury that intention included both desire and foresight of probable consequences and the defendant was convicted of murder. Held (HL) Appeal allowed, manslaughter substituted. Lord Bridge did state that it was possible to intend a result which you do not actually want. He gave the example of a man who is trying to escape, who boards a plane to Manchester. Even though he may have no desire to go to Manchester — he may even hate the place — it is clearly where he intends to go. However, the appeal was allowed because foresight of consequences can only be evidence of intention — it is up to the jury to decide. R v Hancock and Shankland 1986 Two striking miners pushed concrete from a bridge onto a road, killing a taxi driver. They claimed only to intend to block the road or frighten the taxi passenger and not to kill or cause GBH. They were convicted of murder but successfully appealed, a manslaughter conviction was substituted by the Court of Appeal and confirmed by the House of Lords. The House of Lords looked at risk and probability. A slight risk of death is not enough to infer intention: Lord Scarman stated the greater the probability that death or GBH would occur; the more likely that intention can be inferred, eg. if A cut B’s little finger is would not be very probable that death would occur, therefore A is unlikely to have intention. However, if A stabbed B in the chest, it is much more likely that death would result, therefore it is more likely that A had intention. In both cases the defendants were convicted by the juries and appealed, first to the Court of Appeal and then to the House of Lords. In each case the House of Lords quashed the convictions for murder and substituted a verdict of manslaughter. The reason being the trial judges had misdirected the jury. The following case established the Virtual Certainty test which should always be used in indirect intention situations.. R v Nedrick 1986 The defendant set fire to a house, killing a child. He claimed that his intention was to frighten the child’s mother and not to kill or cause GBH. Convicted of murder. Held (CA) Appeal allowed, manslaughter substituted. Where direct intention is not present then the following test should be put to the jury. A jury should return a verdict of murder only where they find that the defendant foresaw death or serious injury as a virtual certain consequence of his or her voluntary actions. R v Woolin 1998 (HL) D shook his 3-month-old son when he choked on his food and then threw him across the room, the child died, D had lied to the ambulance men and the police before admitting what happened. He claimed that he did not want his son to die. He was originally convicted of murder but the House of Lords reduced his conviction to manslaughter. The trial judge had misdirected the jury on the test to infer intention. The case has now confirmed the Nedrick test. It must now always be used when dealing with indirect intent situations. R v Matthew and Alleyne 2003 (CA) The defendants appealed against their conviction for murder following the death of a young man (a non-swimmer) whom they had thrown from a bridge into a river. The Court of Appeal affirmed the conviction, which it did not consider unsafe in the light of the evidence, but expressed concern that the Nedrick/Woollin evidential rule should not be treated as if it were a rule of law. A defendant’s foresight of virtually certain death does not automatically require the jury to find that he intended that result: it is merely evidence from which the jury may draw that conclusion.

Practical Demonkeeping Chapter 24-25

24 AUGUSTUS BRINE Augustus Brine was sitting in his pickup, parked a block away from Jenny's house. In the morning twilight he could just make out the outline of Jenny's Toyota and an old Chevy parked in front. The king of the Djinn sat in the passenger seat next to Brine, his rheumy blue eyes just clearing the dashboard. Brine was sipping from a cup of his special secret roast coffee. The thermos was empty and he was savoring the last full cup. The last cup, perhaps, that he would ever drink. He tried to call up a Zen calm, but it was not forthcoming and he berated himself; trying to think about it pushed it farther from his grasp. â€Å"Like trying to bite the teeth,† the Zen proverb went. â€Å"There is not only nothing to grasp, but nothing with which to grasp it.† The closest he was going to get to no-mind was to go home and destroy a few million brain cells with a few bottles of wine – not an option. â€Å"You are troubled, Augustus Brine.† The Djinn had been silent for over an hour. At the sound of his voice Brine was startled and almost spilled his coffee. â€Å"It's the car,† Brine said. â€Å"What if the demon is in the car? There's no way to know.† â€Å"I will go look.† â€Å"Look? You said he was invisible.† â€Å"I will get in the car and feel around. I will sense him if he is that close.† â€Å"And if he's there?† â€Å"I will come back and tell you. He cannot harm me.† â€Å"No.† Brine stroked his beard. â€Å"I don't want them to know we're here until the last minute. I'll risk it.† â€Å"I hope you can move fast, Augustus Brine. If Catch sees you, he will be on you in an instant.† â€Å"I can move,† Brine said with a confidence that he did not feel. He felt like a fat, old man – tired and a little wired from too much coffee and not enough sleep. â€Å"The woman!† The Djinn poked Brine with a bony finger. Jenny was coming out of the house in her waitress uniform. She made her way down the front steps and across the shallow front yard to her Toyota. â€Å"At least she's still alive.† Brine was preparing to move. With Jenny out of the house one of their problems was solved, but there would be little time to act. The demonkeeper could come out at any moment. If their trap was not set, all would be lost. The Toyota turned over twice and died. A cloud of blue smoke coughed out of the exhaust pipe. The engine cranked, caught again, sputtered, and died; blue smoke. â€Å"If she goes back to the house, we have to stop her,† Brine said. â€Å"You will give yourself away. The trap will not work.† â€Å"I can't let her go back in that house.† â€Å"She is only one woman, Augustus Brine. The demon Catch will kill thousands if he is not stopped.† â€Å"She's a friend of mine.† The Toyota cranked again weakly, whining like an injured animal, then fired up. Jenny revved the engine and pulled away leaving a trail of oily smoke. â€Å"That's it,† Brine said. â€Å"Let's go.† Brine started the truck, pulled forward, and stopped. â€Å"Turn off the engine,† the Djinn said. â€Å"You're out of your mind. We leave it running.† â€Å"How will you hear the demon if he comes before you are ready?† Begrudgingly, Brine turned off the key. â€Å"Go!† he said. Brine and the Djinn jumped out of the truck and ran around to the bed. Brine dropped the tailgate. There were twenty ten-pound bags of flour, each with a wire sticking out of the top. Brine grabbed a bag in each hand, ran to the middle of the yard, paying out wire behind him as he went. The Djinn wrestled one bag out of the truck and carried it like a babe in his arms to the far corner of the yard. With each trip to the truck Brine could feel panic growing inside him. The demon could be anywhere. Behind him the Djinn stepped on a twig and Brine swung around clutching his chest. â€Å"It is only me,† the Djinn said. â€Å"If the demon is here, he will come after me first. You may have time to escape.† â€Å"Just get these unloaded,† Brine said. Ninety seconds after they had started, the front yard was dotted with flour bags, and a spider web of wires led back to the truck. Brine hoisted the Djinn into the bed of the truck and handed him two lead wires. The Djinn took the wires and crouched over a car battery that Brine had secured to the bed of the truck with duct tape. â€Å"Count ten, then touch the wires to the battery,† Brine said. â€Å"After they go off, start the truck.† Brine turned and ran across the yard to the front steps. The small porch was too close to the ground for Brine to crawl under, so he crouched beside it, covering his face with his arms, counting to himself, â€Å"seven, eight, nine, ten.† Brine braced himself for the explosion. The seal bombs were not powerful enough to cause injury when detonated one at a time, but twenty at once might produce a considerable shock wave. â€Å"Eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, shit!† Brine stood up and tried to see into the bed of the truck. â€Å"The wires, Gian Hen Gian!† â€Å"It is done!† Came the answer. Before Brine could say anything else the explosions began – not a single blast, but a series of blasts like a huge string of firecrackers. For a moment the world turned white with flour. Then storms of flame swirled around the front of the house and mushroomed into the sky as the airborne flour was ignited by successive explosions. The lower branches of the pines were seared and pine needles crackled as they burned. At the sight of the fire storms, Brine dove to the ground and covered his head. When the explosion subsided, he stood and tried to see through the fog of flour, smoke, and soot that hung in the air. Behind him he heard the front door open. He turned and reached up into the doorway, felt his hand close around the front of a man's shirt, and yanked back, hoping he was not pulling a demon down off the steps. â€Å"Catch!† the man screamed. â€Å"Catch!† Unable to see though the gritty air, Brine punched blindly at the squirming man. His meaty fist connected with something hard and the man went limp in his arms. Brine heard the truck start. He dragged the unconscious man across the yard toward the sound of the running engine. In the distance a siren began to wail. He bumped into the truck before he saw it. He opened the door and threw the man onto the front seat, knocking Gian Hen Gian against the opposite door. Brine jumped into the truck, put it into gear, and sped out of the doughy conflagration into the light of morning. â€Å"You did not tell me there would be fire,† the Djinn said. â€Å"I didn't know.† Brine coughed and wiped flour out of his eyes. â€Å"I thought all the charges would go off at once. I forgot that the fuses would burn at different rates. I didn't know that flour would catch fire – it was just supposed to cover everything so we could see the demon coming.† â€Å"The demon Catch was not there.† Brine was on the verge of losing control. Covered in flour and soot, he looked like an enraged abominable snowman. â€Å"How do you know that? If we didn't have the cover of the flour, I might be dead now. You didn't know where he was before. How can you know he wasn't there? Huh? How do you know?† â€Å"The demonkeeper has lost control of Catch. Otherwise you would not have been able to harm him.† â€Å"Why didn't you tell me that before? Why don't you tell me these things in advance?† â€Å"I forgot.† â€Å"I might have been killed.† â€Å"To die in the service of the great Gian Hen Gian – what an honor. I envy you, Augustus Brine.† The Djinn removed his stocking cap, shook off the flour, and held it to his chest in salute. His bald head was the only part of him that was not covered in flour. Augustus Brine began to laugh. â€Å"What is funny?† The Djinn asked. â€Å"You look like a worn brown crayon.† Brine was snorting with laughter. â€Å"King of the Djinn. Give me a break.† â€Å"What's so funny?† Travis said, groggily. Keeping his left hand on the wheel, Augustus Brine snapped out his right fist and coldcocked the demonkeeper. 25 AMANDA Amanda Elliot told her daughter that she wanted to leave early to beat the Monterey traffic, but the truth was that she didn't sleep well away from home. The idea of spending another morning in Estelle's guest room trying to be quiet while waiting for the house to awaken was more than she could stand. She was up at five, dressed and on the road before five-thirty. Estelle stood in the driveway in her nightgown waving as her mother drove away. Over the last few years Amanda's visits had been tearful and miserable. Estelle could not resist pointing out that each moment she spent with her mother might be the last. Amanda responded, at first, by comforting her daughter and assuring her that she would be around for many more years to come. But as time passed, Estelle refused to let the subject lie, and Amanda answered her concern with pointed comparisons between her own energy level and that of Estelle's layabout husband, Herb. â€Å"If it weren't for his finger moving on the remote control you'd never know he was alive at all.† As much as Amanda was irritated by Effrom marauding around the house like an old tomcat, she needed only to think of Herb, permanently affixed to Estelle's couch, to put her own husband in a favorable light. Compared to Herb, Effrom was Errol Flynn and Douglas Fairbanks rolled into one: a connubial hero. Amanda missed him. She drove five miles per hour over the speed limit, changing lanes aggressively, and checking her mirrors for highway patrol cars. She was an old woman, but she refused to drive like one. She made the hundred miles to Pine Cove in just over an hour and a half. Effrom would be in his workshop now, working on his wood carvings and smoking cigarettes. She wasn't supposed to know about the cigarettes any more than she was supposed to know that Effrom spent every morning watching the women's exercise show. Men have to have their secret lives and forbidden pleasures, real or perceived. Cookies snitched from the jar are always sweeter than those served on a plate, and nothing evokes the prurient like puritanism. Amanda played her role for Effrom, staying on his tail, keeping him alert to the possibility of discovery, but never quite catching him in the act. Today she would pull in the driveway and rev the engine, take a long time getting into the house to make sure that Effrom heard her coming so he could take a shot of breath spray to cover the smell of tobacco on his breath. Didn't it occur to the old fart that she was the one who bought the breath spray and brought it home with the groceries each week? Silly old man. When Amanda entered the house, she noticed an acrid, burnt smell in the air. She had never smelled cordite, so she assumed that Effrom had been cooking. She went to the kitchen expecting to see the ruined remains of one of her frying pans, but the kitchen, except for a few cracker crumbs on the counter, was clean. Maybe the smell was coming from the workshop. Amanda usually avoided going near Effrom's workshop when he was working, mainly to avoid the sound of the high-speed drills he used for carving, which reminded her of the unpleasantness of the dentist's office. Today there was no sound coming from the workshop. She knocked on the door, gently, so as not to startle him. â€Å"Effrom, I'm home.† He had to be able to hear her. A chill ran through her. She had imagined finding Effrom cold and stiff a thousand times, but always she was able to push the thought out of her mind. â€Å"Effrom, open this door!† She had never entered the workshop. Except for a few toys that Effrom dragged out at Christmastime to donate to local charities, Amanda never even saw any of the carvings he produced. The workshop was Effrom's sacred domain. Amanda paused, her hand on the doorknob. Maybe she should call someone. Maybe she should call her granddaughter, Jennifer, and have her come over. If Effrom were dead she didn't want to face it alone. But what if he was just hurt, lying there on the floor waiting for help. She opened the door. Effrom was not there. She breathed a sigh of relief, then her anxiety returned. Where was he? The workshop's shelves were filled with carved wooden figures, some only a few inches high, some several feet long. Every one of them was a figure of a nude woman. Hundreds of nude women. She studied each figure, fascinated with this new aspect of her husband's secret life. The figures were running, reclining, crouching, and dancing. Except for a few figures on the workbench that were still in the rough stage, each of the carvings was polished and oiled and incredibly detailed. And they all had something in common: they were studies of Amanda. Most were of her when she was younger, but they were unmistakably her. Amanda standing, Amanda reclining, Amanda dancing, as if Effrom were trying to preserve her. She felt a scream rising in her chest and tears filling her eyes. She turned away from the carvings and left the workshop. â€Å"Effrom! Where are you, you old fart?† She went from room to room, looking in every corner and closet; no Effrom. Effrom didn't go for walks. And even if he'd had a car, he didn't drive anymore. If he had gone somewhere with a friend, he would have left a note. Besides, all his friends were dead: the Pine Cove Poker Club had lost its members, one by one, until solitaire was the only game in town. She went to the kitchen and stood by the phone. Call who? The police? The hospital? What would they say when she told them she had been home almost five minutes and couldn't find her husband? They would tell her to wait. They wouldn't understand that Effrom had to be here. He couldn't be anywhere else. She would call her granddaughter. Jenny would know what to do. She would understand. Amanda took a deep breath and dialed the number. A machine answered the phone. She stood there waiting for the beep. When it came, she tried to keep her voice controlled, â€Å"Jenny, honey, this is Grandma, call me. I can't find your grandfather.† Then she hung up and began sobbing. The phone rang and Amanda jumped back. She picked it up before the second ring. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"Oh, good, you're home.† It was a woman's voice. â€Å"Mrs. Elliot, you've probably seen the bullet hole in your bedroom door. Don't be frightened. If you listen carefully and follow my instructions, everything will be fine.†

Research he Effects of Social Media on Arab Revolutions especially in Paper

He Effects of Social Media on Arab Revolutions especially in Egypt, Syria and Yemen - Research Paper Example They employed various forms of communication and information networks such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Skype, Yahoo Messenger, cell phone technology and much more for making the world know about the violence and autocracy in their respective countries. Egypt Revolution that forced President Hosni Mubarak to leave his presidency was a continued effort of the social media activists who worked on Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Google Maps and many mediums of communication and information sharing were employed in bringing in a change in the Egypt. A digital guide for information sharing on Twitter and through mobile phones was prepared by ‘Global Voices’ and ‘Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights’, so that people can inform about arrests of activists. The social media worked as a connection linking Egypt with the entire Arab world involving them in change. Facebook was employed for multiple uses such as increasing knowledge about current unrest, broadening the level of information sharing to worldly level and management of activists and their actions. Twitter was used for giving information to the journalists and informed them about video footages’ location on internet. Overall, â€Å"the social media played a pivotal role in scaling connections between people, in achieving density, disseminating courage, awareness and sympathy, and in countering misinformation generated by the oppressive Egyptian regime in many countries around the world† (Frangonikolopoulos & Chapsos, 2012). The Egyptian government, under the leadership of Hosni Mubarak, sensed the efficacy of social media in enabling people towards handling a revolt against the government, due to which, they restricted internet usage. â€Å"With the internet crackdown, President Hosni Mubarak betrayed his own fear — that  Facebook,  Twitter, laptops and smartphones could empower his opponents, expose his weakness to

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy-Phase 1 Discussion Board Essay

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy-Phase 1 Discussion Board - Essay Example Those products are also low in terms of quality and that is one of the reasons for its lower market share. The company uses very outdated technology for production. There is no room for improvement of the existing plant due to the shortage of funds. Since the company is still owned and controlled by the family members there is limited mobility of capital and other funds in the company. Shortage of funds has prompted the company to play in the market with the existing facilities and strategies. The company has less strategy for improving the competitiveness of the products. The rivals of Able are competent enough that it even grabbed the market share of cordless products which was first introduced by Able Corporation. Now the company is in the process of being acquired by another company Walden International. â€Å"Walden International Incorporated (Walden) is interested in buying all of the assets and liabilities of Able Corporation (Able)† (Graves, 2007). Walden International is a highly specialized business firm and the upcoming acquisition is supposed to benefit Able Corporation to rejuvenate. â€Å"Founded in 1987, Walden International is an established global venture capital firm† (Walden International, 2008). 1. The first strategy is to improve the market share through the product in which they are specialized. That is it is Able Corporation who introduced the cordless products for the first time in the market. Therefore, when the company invest more in improving the quality of the cordless products and establish better marketing strategies it will be able to recover the current position. Redesigning the existing cordless products will improve the acceptability of the products in the market. When the Company gets acquired by Walden International a brand change in the products of Able will be made. This will change the poor reputation that Able was facing. All the products especially the cordless products will be rebranded by Walden in

SAMSUNG electronics (public relation) Research Paper

SAMSUNG electronics (public relation) - Research Paper Example Statement of the situation: Samsung needs to improve its public relations in order to increase the sales of its new products and to maintain its brand image. Since there are a large number of subsidiaries to Samsung electronics, appropriate public relation strategies are needed in order to resolve potential problems. Samsung always tracked the latest technologies and moved accordingly. The company’s status varies from field to field. Samsung has never looked back since it has entered into DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory business in 1983. Despite of being dominant over other electronics companies existing today, the company always adopts policies, which can lift their reputation among the people. Its current policy of emphasizing on innovations is mainly encouraged by the future situations. The company is well alert on the matter of future downfall due to a fierce competition from the Chinese electronic manufactures in the field of memory chip making and electronic devices due to their policy of aggressive market expansion and low manufacturing cost. Therefore Samsung electronics need to have a strategic public relations plan, which will improve the company’s brand image. Since there are many branches and networks operating all over the world, the company can’t ensure the better working conditions of each of its employees. This can cause disinterest among employees towards the company’s goals and this will affect the public relations management of the firm negatively. Key strategies: The key strategies of Samsung’s new policy in improving public relations are: To be able to gain trust among the people so that they are always ready to depend on the company’s technologies spontaneously and without much effort from the company’s side. To be able to promote its name to increase the sales to considerable amount. This is not a difficult task keeping in mind that they are the dominant force in the market. To concent rate mainly on the changes that are required to withstand the future crisis basically from rivals as well as customers preferring other brands. To ensure better relationship with the consumers, by providing them the facilities they require. Strategic objectives: To achieve 100% customer satisfaction so that customers feel that Samsung’s latest technology is better than any product of the other companies. This will improve the public relations of Samsung electronics. To achieve 100% employee satisfaction. This is one of the best methods in improving public relations, that is, by gaining complete support from the employees. Having a strong commitment to the public as Samsung has invested in a sustainable electronics recycling program by teaming up with Global Electric Electronic Processing (GEEP) Key publics: Customers: As the main feature in any business organization is its customer, customers should be well aware of the new policies of the company. Since it is dominating over the electronics device departments, there will not be any lack of trust among the customers. The present customers that we have are more than satisfied with Samsung electronics and this paves a new way for the future prospective customers. With

A Successful Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

A Successful Leader - Essay Example Leadership is so important for the success of the organization because it also deals with the changes that an organization faces both with in the organization as well as in the external environment. In the present world of continuous change and constant innovation, the essence of proper leadership is felt like never before. The leader ideally, should not only plan and strategize to achieve the organizational objectives but also he should be the person, to whom his team would refer at any unforeseen happenings. The leader should be able to change the pre-determined path, if necessary, and still continue motivating his sub-ordinates and achieving the desired goal. As changes in the organizational environment as well as the external environment are taking place constantly, a leader should plan his strategies keeping the factor in to consideration. Defining leadership in the periphery of words has been a tough job even for the modern management thinkers as leadership is more about convincing others to do a certain thing in a certain way to achieve the desired output. Deborah Allen has defined leadership in the following words, â€Å"A leader is someone who can visualize a better world in the future and is able to convince others to join him/her on the journey† (Family and Community Medicine. n.d.) In the words of Majorie Bowman, â€Å"Leadership means making a difference, creating a positive change; providing the impetus that creates an atmosphere of change that improves the world, or at least the small part of the world around us and is characterized by sustained action over time.† From the definitions of the above it can be deciphered that leadership is all about motivating and convincing the group of subordinates (or followers, as the case may be) towards the achievement of the desired goals and objectives. It has been discussed earlier that

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Consumer buyer behavior about ego-expressive way in the decision making of rolex costumer - Case Study Example The owners of the Rolex Watch product rely on their understanding of the consumer behavior extensively as many other successful businesses. The consumers of the watch as a product are diverse and they present various factors that lead them towards purchasing the product readily. The Rolex Watch brand is the leading and most expensive Watch in the market currently. There are several types of the Watch. Moreover, Rolex manufactures watches designated for each of the genders, ages and uses. These are essential factors of consideration in the pricing aspect of the product. For instance, according to information gathered through the interactions with the Rolex professionals, the female gender used to constitute a large share of their customers. However, with the current developments in the market, the company is also manufacturing watches for men in large volumes, meaning that the male population is also a considerable consumer volume of the watches. The aspects of use, it depends on the reasons why the consumer purchases the watch. The latest development in the company is the establishment of the Rolex diving watch. Thus, with such watches, resistant to water, offering quality and accurate time measurement initiates the desire in the consumers to own a watch. The larger base of the consumer of the Rolex Watch includes the rich people, collectors of antiques and retail business people. The aspect that the Rolex Watch has a high pricing means that the consumers with low income are unable to afford the product. In manufacturing the product, Rolex focus on people with an interest in brand and aesthetic value of products. The watch established itself as a virtually dominant brand in the market, due to its association with class and high social status. The watch enjoys an ego-expressive status in its customers, as they seek the product for various reasons, all related

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Identifying and Describing the Ethical Issue. Worldcom - Essay Example The company manipulated the company's financial results in order to meet Wall Street expectations and artificially inflate their stock price amidst declining financial performance. Treating operational expenses as capital investments inflated the company's operating income since expenses are supposed to be accounted for in the quarter that they are incurred, instead of being spread out over a period of years. In this case this illegal accounting practice allowed Worldcom to treat operational expenses that should have been fully recognized each operating quarter as a long term capital expenditure, where related costs are expensed during the operating lifetime of a specific asset instead of being accounted for during one specific accounting period. As a result three former Worldcom executives were convicted of accounting fraud. David Myers, the third executive in command and Worldcom's former controller, was convicted to one year and one day in prison. The former controller received a much lesser sentence than the other executives due to his early admission of responsibility and remorse as well as extraordinary cooperation with the government in exposing the extent of the fraud including the major players involved (Cbsnews, 2009).Scott D. Sullivan, Worldcom's former chief financial officer, was convicted to five years in prison as part of a plea agreement in which he testified against the company's CEO Bernard J. Ebbres. Bernard Ebbres was eventually convicted to 25 years in prison for the Worldcom accounting fraud ultimately leading to the company's bankruptcy (Sullivan, 2013). In 2001Worldcom reported $7.7 billion in cash flow from operating activities instead of the true amount of $4.6 billion as a result of misrepresenting $3.8 billion of operational expenses resulting from the Sprint merger. Mr. Sullivan failed to inform Arthur D. Anderson, the firm's accountant at the time, of his decision to treat the expenses as capital expenditures in a clear and blatant attempt to disguise his illegal accounting manipulations from the accounting firm. This deceptive accounting manipulation resulted in the company overstating its EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) which is the barometer that most investors utilize to evaluate a company's overall financial health and performance. As the company started the accounting fraud in the first quarter of 2001, Worldcom reported an EBITDA of $2.1 billion instead of $1.4 billion. By the end of 2001 the company had originally reported an EBITDA of $10.5 billion instead of the correct figure of $6.3 billion. Consequently Worldcom reported a profit of $1.4 billion for 2001 and $172 million in the first quarter of 2002, where in reality the company had loses amounting to billions during that accounting period (Eichenwald, 2002). This accounting fraud directly violates the accounting principles of reliability in accounting practice, as well as the â€Å"full disclosure† and the â€Å"matching† principle, where all expenses incurred during an accounting period are matched with the period revenues which it directly affects (Businessweek, 2002). Explaining Alternative Courses of Action and Related Trade-Offs B) Troy Normand, as the manager for the corporate reporting department, was responsible of the accuracy and reliability of corporate financial reports. Based on his testimony and full account of the conversation with Scott Sullivan regarding the events that transpired, we can conclude that Mr. Normand was in full knowledge and understood the implications and illegal nature of the accounting treatment given to the Sprint merger expense accounts. Therefore his actions regarding the treatment of the Sprint expense accounts was both unethical and illegal

Evidence Law - Victoria (Australia) Legal Case Commentary Essay

Evidence Law - Victoria (Australia) Legal Case Commentary - Essay Example The rationale appears to be that a confession obtained involuntarily can not be relied upon for the truth of its contents. The court’s dilemma was succinctly stated by Gibbs J in Driscoll v The Queen, who said that, ‘it is very common for an accused person to deny that he made an oral confession which police witnesses swear that he made. The accused has an obvious motive to claim that police testimony of this kind is false. On the other hand it would be unreal to imagine that every police officer in every case is too scrupulous to succumb to the temptation to attempt to secure the conviction of a person whom he believes to be guilty by saying that he has confessed to the crime with which he is charged when in fact he has not done so.’ This aspect of the voluntary nature of confession statement becomes tricky in instances where police use unconventional means in the course of obtaining a confession statement. The court attempted to draw the line in balancing these conflicting motives for the admissibility of confession statements by restating the applicable test an applying it to a scenario where police used what amounted to entrapment in R v Tofilau

Case Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Summary - Essay Example This is because the ruling will affect the way she runs her business in a very big away, being the owner and operator of The Grove. The case also captures the Australian Olive industry which has been on the rise. According to the case, agriculture forms a meager but important part of Australia’s economy, and accounts for about 3 percent of the country’s GDP. However, in a bid to ensure that the country’s agricultural industry remains profitable, sustainable and competitive, the Department of Agriculture started a strategic review of the olive industry. The industry began in the year 1880 with George Suttor being the first person to plant the first olive tree in Australia. The industry would then become popular after World War II when migrants from the Middle East and Europe settled in the country. While Australia was a net importer of olives in the year 2005, analysts believed that growth in the industry would be able to meet the domestic demand in about 5 to 10 years. Every year, about 13 to 18 million tons of olives are produced in the world, and Australia is forecast to produce about 4000 0 to 50000 tons every year by the year 2011. In terms of the table olive sector, Australians consume about 0.9kgs of table olives per individual. The top olive consumers worldwide are the E.U, the U.S, Turkey and Syria, with the European Union accounting for 33 percent of the world consumption. From the case, one can deduce that this consumption has increased by 30 percent between the years 1998 and 2003, with olive production reaching record levels in 2003. While production had increased by 50 percent since 1990, it sharply increased by a staggering 18 percent in the year 2002. Syria, Turkey and the EU produce about 65 percent of table olives in the world, with Australia being forecast to produce about 18 to 45 thousand tons of table olives annually by the year 2013. Many of Australia’s enterprises that deal with table olives are

Origin of OSI Model Essay Example for Free

Origin of OSI Model Essay Much of the work on the design of OSI was done by a group at Honeywell Information Systems, headed by Mike Canepa, with Charlie Bachman as the principal technical member. This group was organized within Honeywell, with advanced product planning and with the design and development of prototype systems. In the early and mid 1970s, the interest of Canepas group was mainly on database design and then distributed database design. By the mid-1970s, it become clear that to support database machines, distributed access, and the like, a structured distributed communications architecture would be needed. The group studied some of the existing solutions, including IBMs system network architecture (SNA), the work on protocols being done for ARPANET, and some of the concepts of presentation services being developed for standardized database systems. The result of this effort was the development by 1977 of a seven-layer architecture known as the distributed systems architecture (DSA). Bachman and Canepa participated in ANSI meetings and presented their seven-layer model. This model was chosen as the only proposal to be submitted to the ISO subcommittee. When the ISO group met in Washington DC in March of 78, the Honeywell team presented their solution. An agreement was reached at that meeting that this layered architecture would satisfy most requirements of OSI, and had the ability to be expanded later to meet new requirements. A provisional version of the model was published in March of 78. The next version, with some minor adjustments, was published in June of 1979 and eventually standardized. The resulting OSI model is essentially the same as the DSA model developed in 1977.

The global economy Essay Example for Free

The global economy Essay In a highly interdependent world, the global economy is one of the major concerns of countries since anything that happens to one country’s economy can largely affect other countries, especially if the country where the economic shift happened is as powerful and prominent as the United States of America. More importantly, the flow of goods, labor and resources need an enabler for their ease of movement from one country to another. With the rising doubts in the current system of the global economy, people are now looking for ways to reform it. Capitalism, as the dominant economic model for the world was shaken with the collapse of Wall Street and the recession in America and elsewhere. The conundrum of global reform is that the proposals that go far enough, such as establishing a global financial regulator, are wildly unrealistic, while those that are realistic, such as reform of the IMF, fall far short of what is needed. In the midst of all these problems, however, an economic experiment on a large scale is happening in Europe. The European Union is not only a strong political bloc, but is also a consortium of economies that are working together to improve the economy in their region. Although this is not yet a replacement to the American-style capitalism that dominates the world, this new economic movement could play a large role in the future as a replacement to the current global economy. b. Yes, one can be both a globalist and, at the same time, be culturally parochial. In both the West and the East, this is what is happening, which is why countries fail to reach agreements with the consensus of everyone in the international organizations they are in. In the north and south, conflicts spark in the opposing goals of cooperating with one another to make a better globalized society and forwarding their own national interest. These are evident in China’s continuing efforts to expand its economy through an undervalued Renminbi, and a nationalistic thrust. Sometimes, they even go to the extent of openly opposing Western nations that are not of the same mind as they are such as in the issue of the global climate where they agree that Western nations should do act on it but refuse to act on the issue themselves prioritizing their economy over taking care of the environment. Western nations, on the other hand, are often criticized because of their pushing for a more global movement of goods, labor and resources while protecting their own borders from competition. Another criticism they receive is that they exploit 3rd world nations while harping on the importance of helping these nations out of poverty. Even in smaller scales, that is, concerning the individual, have issues such as migrants who refuse to adopt the cultures and laws of the country they migrated into and hold strongly on their own cultural backgrounds. c. Globalization is indeed inexorable. With the advent of technologies that speed up this process, people need to adapt to the growing interconnectivity of peoples that were once out of reach by thousands of miles. To adapt to the growing trend of globalization, there are many tools in our hands, one of which is the internet. The internet, as one of the causes of the acceleration of the globalization process can be used by people to become a part of the greater global society through knowledge acquisition and even being active in other nations through having a voice online. Other technologies like mobile phones, VOIP, television, etc. can help us become more cosmopolitan. The most important tool in adapting to globalization, however, is our minds and that we must keep them open. With globalization as the marketplace for many ideas internationally, myopic views are causes of conflagrations between people and even nations.

Jonathan Larsons Influence On Musical Theatre Theatre Essay

Jonathan Larsons Influence On Musical Theatre Theatre Essay To demonstrate how a practitioner influenced the development of Musical Theatre, there will be an in depth analysis of Jonathan Larsons works Rent and Tick, TickBoom, which will show how his style influenced other modern practitioners that got some of their ideas based on his works and how his works were influenced by other practitioners in the beginning. Jonathan Larson was indeed a remarkable writer and composer who had his own stories to tell. Although his death came too early, his success can still be seen in his greatest work, the musical Rent and it may be said that As an artist, Jonathan Larsons discovered his passion for music following Elton John and Billy Joel, but it was musical theatre that caught his eye while his parents introduced him to the musical Fiddler on the Roof. As he later on said by himself, he always wanted to write music that could incorporate all of these influences. The path lead him to a four year drama major, but it was the composing that was his main interest and soon enough he started writing music for school productions. During his college years Jonathan Larson got in contract with the composer Stephen Sondheim, who was also his strongest musical theatre influence and later on his mentor. Sondheim told him later that Never the less he didnt go on as an actor and took a step into the composing world,he was still a struggling artist who spend years living his life working as a waiter just to pay his bills, while writing numerous theatrical pieces with a poor success story. With the musical Tick, TickBoom, which was an autobiographical work of Larsons life and was reflecting his alter ego, he finally got recognized, but still not the way he wanted to. As Siegel describes the show in New York times The songs and stories were half-funny and half-bitter tales of bad readings and waiting tables. He addressed his disappointment with putting the sho w of in 1994. But there was still no reason for him to give up, especially when he got into collaboration with Billy Aronson, a playwrighter who played around with the idea of updating Puccinis opera La Boheme. The project didnt get started until 1991, when Larson felt the need to tell the story about his friends who were diagnosed with AIDS. Larson stated himself while he was still alive and that truly represent the path that Rent went since the beginning of the show till this day. Many links between the big success of the show and Larsons death have been made during the time, but it is not said for sure that his death is the cause for such a big success of the musical Rent. The only thing that can be said for sure is, that the show is popular as the numerous amounts of awards that the show won present. , said by Wilson Jermaine Heredi, an actor of the original cast from Rent, shows that Rent really was a new era in theatre. Never before was there a musical telling a story about HI V infected people, drugs and homosexuals. The reviews for the show were well received, as reported in New York times. But it was the audience who gave Jonathan Larson a chance and made Rent to what it is today, an award winning musicals. A musical that is different to others, because it represents Even though Rent is a parallel to Puccinis 1896 opera La Boheme, Jonathan Larson took the idea and collaborated with Billy Areson and transformed it into a contemporary story that was never told before. The audience can get the chance to watch two pieces back-to back in a one repertoire and see the show not only as a good composers work but as an artistic creation. Artistic creation which illuminates Jonathan Larsons brilliance, never the less Rent owes a lot to Stephen Sondheims work. Not that he was reproducing his ideas in his style, There are many similarities to Stephen Sondheims work Company, but they show the extreme contrast. The setting was changed from Upper West side to the Lowe r East side, as well as the characters which are presented as a poverty line of multicultural young people that are homosexual, drug addicts or over the top minded. It can be said that the shows are similar in the way how Stephen Sondheim and Jonathan Larson presented New York and their ideas. Not only did Sondheims influence reflect in Jonathan Larsons Rent in the comparison to Company, but also his musical Sunday in the Park with George. Theres a common theme in both shows which demonstrate a central character that has went away from finishing something that is important forbidden personal relationship. Both shows describe that Never the less, nothing can take Larsons accomplishment away. He was a great composer and writer who was able to take Sondheims ideas and recreate them with his own style. This indicates how big of an impact Stephen Sondheim made on Larson. In an interview for New York Times, Stephen Sondheim later spoke about Jonathan Larson and said that a great musical t heatre composer . Stephen Sondheim as his mentor encouraged him while he was still alive to get involved with the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Jonathan Larson described it as , but he appreciated the experience later, because it gave him a chance to meet new composers and that gave him more confidence in his work. At the point when he has later written more material he said Rent is classified as a rock musical, because of its rock influence. Examples of such musicals are Hair and Spring Awakening, which are both linked to Rent. It can be said that Hair was a big influence on Rent, because of the impact it made in that era, when people werent talking about drugs and hippies. Hair made a big statement at that time as did Rent. Both musicals told a story of confusion in each generation. Both works may be seen as generational anthems. Not because of the protest, but of its finally, youthful enthusiasm, even when the youth in question is at risk. Hair can be seen as a mile stone for Rent, which later impacted on Spring Awakening. Although Spring Awakening was already written in 1891 as a play, it s shocking story of acknowledgement of adolescent sexuality broke ground aesthetically, going beyond naturalism to presage expressionism. Since times have changed and today society is more open minded to the ethnological, sexual, and all other controversial aspects of human life, the effects of Spring Awakening as well as Rent have changed. In Spring Awakening the characters are still experiencing their awakening spring of sexuality and a couple of scenes might still surprise the audience, but in general todays community is more used to that on stage now. As Rent made theatrical history with transporting Puccinis La Boheme to New York, Spring Awakening made its own kind of history by putting a modern spin on a controversial play. It can be said that Rent had its influences and went on passing that to other musicals. Although Jonathan Larson didnt get the chance to witness the success of his lifes work, he left behind two remarkable musicals, which are both in subject matter unmistakable. Similaritys in Tick, tickBoom, especially in the characters, for which may seem they are sometimes show that Jonathan Larsons work had a deeper meaning and a thought of memories of his lost friends. As a composer his answer to the acknowledgement that he has just lost people that he loves was to write something in response. He later on said,Despite the fact that he never got the chance to see how his words and music inspired people, the musical Rent still goes on filling theatres with his story and the affect that he left behind may be seen in new works appearing on the stage. Jonathan Larson wanted to give all a lesson about how to go on in the time of great loss and not anything for granted.

Comparing Sir Thomas Mores Utopia and Virgils Aeneid Essay -- Compar

Identity and Power in Sir Thomas More's Utopia and Virgil's Aeneid In Utopia and the Aeneid, Sir Thomas More and Virgil describe the construction and perpetuation of a national identity. In the former, the Utopian state operates on the â€Å"inside† by enforcing, through methods of surveillance, a normalized identity on its citizens under the guise of bettering their lives. In the latter, the depleted national identity of the future Romans in the wake of the Trojan War must reformulate itself from the â€Å"outside† by focusing on defining what it is not. In both instances, the lines between the â€Å"inside† and the â€Å"outside† are clearly drawn and redrawn. The two methodologies are in actuality the flipsides of one another: in clearly defining the accepted national identity and contrasting with it the danger and instability outside this narrow conception, the state is legitimized in doing violence on a massive scale to either eliminate the constructed outside threat or to further the imperialistic project so that th ese lines remain intact and unquestioned. In Utopia, the state imposes a culture of normalization to formulate a national identity that both defines and binds its citizens. The fifty-four towns of the country are virtually identical with the â€Å"same language, laws, customs, and institutions† (More 70). Even the appearances of individuals resemble each other with no distinctions in dress. This imposition of conformity serves to form a singular national identity that is artificial yet prevalent. As a result, the normalization is internalized by the people, becoming a cult of self-surveillance where the uniformity of physical appearances is superceded only by the uniformity of identity. The state succeeds in establishing a panopt... ...te literary Trojan Horse. As the representative work of the entire Western civilization, his work is guaranteed wide dissemination. However, the ambivalence of his literary conventions often traps the unwitting reader and forces him or her to confront the violent undercurrents of Pax Romana. In essence, More and Virgil speak to the dangers of imposing a normative national identity that actually becomes the flipside of a violent imperialist project. More importantly, they open up space for dissent by critiquing the seemingly impenetrable state system from the inside and thus exposing its inherent contradictions precariously built on a foundation of violence. Works Cited Virgil. The Aeneid of Virgil: A Verse Translation. Trans. Rolfe Humphries. Ed. Brian Wilkie. New York: Macmillan, 1987. More, Thomas, Sir. Utopia. Trans. Paul Turner. New York: Penguin, 1965.

do You Believe In Fate Neo :: essays research papers

â€Å"Do you believe in fate Neo,† Morpheus asks. â€Å"No,† Neo responds. â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Because I don’t like the idea that I’m not in control of my life,† Neo explains. In this scene (from the blockbuster smash hit The Matrix) a parallel can be drawn between Neo and Bigger Thomas (the protagonist in Richard Wright’s novel Native Son) because Bigger shares Neo’s feelings about fate. Bigger Thomas, a boy who has grown up with the chains of white society holding him back from opportunity, has only one solution to escape from the white walls which are closing in on him. His solution is to kill two women (one of whom is the daughter of a rich white family) to demonstrate that he is fed up with his life being controlled by fate. The author does an exceptional job in creating a theme that illustrates how racism takes away the self-control of the oppressed, thus leaving their lives in the hands of fate. The theme that racism do esn’t allow the oppressed to control their lives can be demonstrated through the symbolism of the rat, the poster outside of Bigger’s apartment, and Bigger’s encounter with the â€Å"nut† in jail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To Bigger’s chagrin he is not in control of his life. His life is dictated by a large group of white people’s false belief of superiority. With every cause there is an effect, and the effect that this burden has on Bigger turns him into an animal, living for only one thing, survival. â€Å"There he is again, Bigger!† the woman screamed, and the tiny, one-room apartment galvanized into violent action. A chair toppled as the woman, half dressed in her stocking feet, scrambled breathlessly upon the bed. Her two sons, barefoot, stood tense and motionless, their eyes searching anxiously under the bed and chairs. The girl ran into the corner, half stooped and gathered the hem of he slip into both of her hands and held it tightly over her knees†¦ A huge black rat squealed and leaped at Bigger’s trouser-leg and snagged it in his teeth hanging on†¦ Bigger aimed and let the skillet fly with a heavy grunt. There was a shattering of wood as the box caved in†¦ The woman screamed and hid her face in her hands. Bigger tiptoed forward and peered. â€Å"I got ‘im,† he muttered [.] (4-6) At first glance this quote could seem meaningless, but later the reader learns in the book that a parallel can be drawn between the big black rat and the big black Bigger.

Mercy Killing Essay -- essays research papers

The applied moral issue of euthanasia, or mercy killing, concerns whether it is morally acceptable for a third party, such as a physician, to end the life of a terminally ill patient who is in intense pain. I will go further into the facts of this in my paper. The euthanasia controversy is part of a larger issue concerning the right to die. Staunch defenders of personal liberty argue that all of us are morally entitled to end our lives when we see fit. Thus, according to these people, suicide is in principle morally permissible. For health care workers, the issue of the right to die is most prominent when a patient in their care is terminally ill, is in intense pain, and voluntarily chooses to end their life to escape prolonged suffering. In these cases, there are several theoretical options open to the health care worker. First, the worker can ignore the patient's request and care can continue as usual. Second, the worker can discontinue providing life-sustaining treatment to the patient, and thus allow him to die more quickly. This option is called passive euthanasia since it brings on death through nonintervention. Third, the health care worker can provide the patient with the means of taking his own life, such as a lethal dose of a drug. This practice is called assisted suicide, since it is the patient, and not technically the health care worker, who administers the drug. Finally, the health care worker can take active measures to end the patient's life, such as by directly administering a lethal dose of a drug. This practice is called active euthanasia since the health care worker's action is the direct cause of the patient's death. Active euthanasia is the most controversial of the four options and is currently illegal in the United States. However, several right to die organizations are lobbying for the laws against active euthanasia to change. Two additional concepts are relevant to the discussion of euthanasia. First, voluntary euthanasia refers to mercy killing that takes place with the explicit and voluntary consent of the patient, either verbally or in a written document such as a living will. Second, nonvoluntary euthanasia refers to the mercy killing of a patient who is unconscious, or otherwise unable to explicitly make their intentions known. In these cases it is often family members who make the request. This would be done against the wi... ...ss, and not enough on other intrinsic goods, such as justice and rights. Accordingly, Rachels offers a revised utilitarian version: active euthanasia is permissible since it promotes the best interests of everyone (such as Jack, Jack's wife, and the hospital staff). Rachels also argues that the golden rule supports active euthanasia insofar as we would want others to put us out of our misery if we were in a situation like Jack's. The categorical imperative supports active euthanasia since no one would willfully universalize a rule which condemns people to unbearable pain before death. Rachels closes noting an irony: the golden rule supports active euthanasia, yet the Catholic church has traditionally opposed it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My thoughts towards Euthanasia is simply I believe that for people that are in great amount of pain or are suffering unbearably and don’t have any chance of recovery, can make the choice to continue living or to die. I know if I were in that situation I would like to know I have the choice. In situations were the patient is unconscious or unable to make the decision I think that the family should be able to make the choice for the patient.

Recruitment and Retention

Demand for academic staff in Higher Education has been increasing2 and may be expected to continue to increase given the Government’s intention that participation in Higher Education should increase substantially amongst those aged 18 to 30 years old. At the same time, recruitment and retention problems have been growing in prominence (HEFCE, 2003) and there has been a long-standing concern that the sector faces a ‘retirement bulge’, as academics from the 1960s expansion reach retirement.Consequently, there is concern about the adequacy of the future supply of academics. Other substantial changes in Higher Education in the past 10 to 20 years are likely to have contributed to the tightness of the academic labour market3. Polytechnics were granted university status in 1992, changing their funding regime, their focus and the demands on staff. The number of students has grown substantially, a growth which has not been matched by staff increases resulting in a large i ncrease in the student:staff ratio.Changes in funding have led to much greater emphasis on research output (through the Research Assessment Exercise, the RAE), teaching quality (through the requirements of the Quality Assurance Agency, the QAA) and on academics raising research and consultancy funds. Other changes include tighter contractual terms (affecting holidays and hours worked), an increase in the use of short-term and hourly-paid contracts and the loss of tenure. Overall, these changes have tended to alter the nature of the job, reducing autonomy and increasing the workload, including that of administrative and teaching tasks.At the same time, both the salaries and status of academics are perceived to have deteriorated relative to alternative careers (Halsey, 1992; Keep et al. , 1996). Substantial change in the nature of any job is likely to increase turnover, as a mismatch develops between the nature of the job to which people were recruited and the actual job. If these cha nges tend to reduce the quality of the job, rather than just change it, and if the applicant requirements are not altered (and, probably, lowered), recruitment will also become more difficult.Both turnover and recruitment difficulties will be exacerbated by a relative decline in pay. Overview of the study Against this background, the study was designed to identify the factors which lead to individuals entering and leaving academic employment in the English Higher Education sector. Although the main focus was entry and exit from the sector, recruitment to and retention by individual institutions can shed light on this and was also investigated.For the purposes of the study academic employment was defined as jobs in higher education institutions (Universities and Colleges of Higher Education) whose main function was academic teaching or academic research, irrespective of the contractual terms of the job holder. Thus lecturing (e. g. Professors, and Lecturers) and research staff (e. g. Research Assistants, post-docs and Senior Research Fellows) are included, but academic-related staff (e. g. technicians) are not. Full-time, part-time, permanent and temporary staff within these groups are included4.Two main groups of academics were excluded from the study: those in Further Education Institutions and those on clinical rates of pay. The resources of the study precluded inclusion of these two groups5. Following discussion with the DfES, it was decided to focus on staff at English HEIs. This was done in order to prevent differences in the funding and structure of the HE sectors obscuring the analysis. Two exceptions to this rule are the analysis of the HESA data on research students and the chapter on international comparisons of pay (Chapter 4). These are discussed in more detail in sections 1. . 1 and 1. 1. 2 below (and in further detail in Appendix C and Appendix D). The study had five, inter-related, strands: †¢ a literature review to establish the nature of the recruitment and retention problems and to identify previous evidence on the factors affecting recruitment and retention; this was conducted from March to May 2003; †¢ analysis of HESA staff and student data, 2001/02, to provide a descriptive analysis of turnover in academia, to identify the basic characteristics of employment in the sector and to identify the student supply into academia6; a comparative analysis of pay, using 2001 data, both for comparable employment nationally and for academics in Higher Education internationally, in order to establish the competitiveness of academic pay; †¢ qualitative research within universities exploring human resource policies and practices and factors affecting entry and exit from the sector; the fieldwork was conducted between July 2003 and July 2004; 4 However, the coverage of hourly paid staff is severely limited, owing to limitations in the HESA data (see below) and to practical difficulties of sampling for the survey (see b elow). Inclusion of the former would have extended the study to Further Education Institutions. The latter have different terms, conditions and employment patterns from other academics in HEIs and so a larger sample would have been required to adequately cover this group. Staff on clinical rates accounted for five per cent of academic staff (HESA Individualised Staff Record 2001/2). 6 Analysis of more recent HESA data and of trends over time is contained in HEFCE (2005a) and HEFCE (2005b). 3 quantitative surveys of academic staff and of research students to identify factors which affect recruitment into academia and retention; the fieldwork was conducted between May and July 2004. The research findings are affected by the policies and practices in effect at the time. To assist the reader, the DfES has produced a list of relevant Higher Education initiatives since the survey fieldwork. These are listed in Appendix H. Below, essential aspects of the methods are described. Further deta ils of the methods appear in appendices. Appendix A describes the qualitative research.Appendix B discusses the quantitative surveys of academic staff and research students. Appendix C describes the HESA staff and student datasets. Appendix D describes the data used for the intra- and international pay comparisons. Appendix F describes the model used for the analysis of the likelihood of students entering academia. Appendix G describes the econometric analysis of job satisfaction and intentions to leave academia. 1. 1. 1 HESA staff and student data7 For staff, the HESA Individualised Staff Record for the academic year 2001/02 was used.The analysis was confined to institutions in England and to staff who were not on clinical grades. The sole exception to this is chapter 4, where the focus is expanded to the whole of the UK, to maintain consistency with the international comparisons analysis. For the study’s purposes, the Individualised Staff Record data has two important limit ations. Firstly, they exclude employees8 whose total academic employment is below that of 25 per cent of a full-time academic (i. e. those with short hours or with substantial management and administrative responsibilities are excluded)9.One of the implications is that hourly-paid staff will be substantially under-reported and is unlikely to be representative of hourly-paid staff as a whole. Secondly, the data relating to leavers suffer from a high level of nonreporting: around 60 per cent of leavers’ destinations are missing10. Therefore the findings on movement out of the sector must be treated with caution. For students, the Combined Student/Module Record for the academic year 2001/2 was used. This was combined with the First Destination Supplement (FDS), relating to those students who left in 2001/2.The analysis was not limited to students from English higher education institutions because the appropriate pool of domestic entrants into Higher Education academic post is th e whole of the UK. It is important 7 Note that the University of North London was not included in either the staff or student data supplied by HESA because the university has asked that its individual data is not released. 8 Strictly, they exclude contracts whose total academic employment is below that of 25 per cent of a full-time academic, as the record reports contracts rather than individuals.For more information see Appendix C. 9 However, there are staff in the Individualised Staff Record with their FTE recorded as less than 25%; the majority of these records relate to staff who arrived or left during the year. 10 Internal work by HEFCE that matched the 2001-2 survey with that for the following year using staff code, data of birth and sex, found that 20% of those for whom the destination was not known remained at the same institution, 5% were found at a different institution and the remainder could not be matched with a record in the second year.This latter group are made up of those who left the sector and those who remained but whose record in the second year did not match with respect to one of the three criteria. 4 to note that the destination of postgraduate research students in the FDS has a particularly low level of response (38%). Further details are given in Appendix C. 1. 1. 2 The comparative analysis of pay The comparative analysis of pay uses data from national labour force surveys (and censuses in nine countries. These were chosen to illustrate the types of countries to and from which most international movement with UK academia occurs.They include the main English–speaking countries to which UK academics move (the USA and Australia), together with other English-speaking nations (New Zealand and Canada), three European countries (Denmark, France and Sweden) and Japan. The analysis of the labour force survey data used in the international comparisons used data from the whole of the UK. This was to increase the sample size. However, we w ould not expect to find significant differences within the UK. Identifying higher education academics was done using information on occupation and industry where available.In most countries we were able to obtain a sample group that matched the UK sample. Exceptions to this were the US, where the sample also included academic staff at state colleges, who also conduct teaching undertaken in the FE sector in the UK, and Australia and New Zealand, where it is possible that our sample excludes some researchers who have no teaching responsibilities. We discuss the implications of this in Chapter 4 and Appendix D. Comparisons were made in both nominal and real terms. Earnings were converted using exchange rates to make nominal comparisons.In order to account for differences in the cost of living, purchasing power parity exchange rates developed by the OECD were used to make real earnings comparisons. Further details are given in Appendix D. 1. 1. 3 The qualitative and quantitative survey research Qualitative research was conducted in thirteen English universities and quantitative research conducted in a subset of these. A structured sample of universities was selected to ensure coverage of different types of universities (new, old and colleges of Higher Education), universities in London and elsewhere and universities with differing research ratings.Institutions with fewer than 200 academic staff and most specialist institutions11 were excluded. Small institutions were excluded because economies of scale in setting up the quantitative survey meant that their inclusion would have led to a smaller survey, as the project resources could not increase the sample through an increased number of institutions. Specialist institutions were excluded for similar reasons. (This did not reduce the subject coverage, as subjects taught in specialist institutions are also found in other HEIs. The purpose of the qualitative research was to identify factors which might affect recruitm ent and retention, including human resource practices and staff preferences. Qualitative interviews were held with senior staff with responsibility for 11 ‘Specialist institution’ is a classification developed for funding purposes and refers to institutions where 60 percent or more of funding is allocated to one or two cost centres. 5 human resourcing and, in eight of the universities, interviews were conducted with heads of two departments, and a sample of their academic staff and research students.A survey of academic staff was conducted in ten12 of these universities. The survey covered both research and lecturing staff. Full-and part-time staff were included, but hourly paid staff were excluded (see Appendix B). The questionnaire collected data on personal characteristics, employment history, views on aspects of the job and career intentions. The survey was web-based. A total of 2805 staff responded, a response rate of 32 per cent. Survey data have been re-weighted to be representative of university academic staff in English HEIs.For more information on the weighting and other issues relating to the staff survey see section B. 1 of Appendix B. A survey of research students (full-time and part-time) was conducted in nine of the universities, where research students were those undertaking a Masters degree mainly by research or a doctorate. The questionnaire collected data on personal characteristics, employment history and career intentions. The survey was web-based. A total of 1330 research students responded, a response rate of 29 per cent. Survey data have been re-weighted to be representative of research students in English HEIs.For more information on the weighting and other issues relating to the staff survey see Section B. 7. Further details are given in Appendix B. 1. 2 Nomenclature Throughout this report the following nomenclature is used: †¢ Student when referring to the student survey refers to research student. †¢ ‘Ac ademic’, ‘academic staff’ refers to those employed in higher education institutions on either the research grade or the lecturing grade. †¢ University is used to refer to all higher education institutions, whether a university or a college. New and old universities. New13 universities are those that received university status in 1992 (when polytechnics and many colleges of Higher Education converted to university status) or later; old universities are those which had university status before this date. 1. 3 Report layout The structure of the report is as follows. The next chapter sets the scene by presenting evidence on turnover and recruitment and retention problems in higher 12 The aim had been to survey staff and students in twelve universities.Unfortunately, not all the universities were able to supply the sample, either due to data protection considerations or due to difficulties providing an email contact list. 13 This nomenclature is in common use now , but, previously, ‘new university’ was used to denote universities established in the 1960s and early 1970s. Perhaps the term was also used in the nineteenth century to refer to the redbrick universities when the sector was expanded in the Victorian era. 6 education. It also presents evidence on the factors affecting recruitment and retention of academics.Chapter 3 then describes the structure of academic employment in Higher Education, including the grade structure and contractual status, and the main characteristics of academic staff. This description is used to raise some of the factors which might affect recruitment and retention. Chapter 4 continues with the theme of structure, focusing on pay, and examines relative pay to investigate whether pay differences may be a cause of recruitment and retention difficulties. Both domestic and international comparisons are made.

Western & Native America Medicine

In such(prenominal) a situation, I would first-class honours degree create a satisfactory rapport between Mr. Wolf, his wife and I. I would start by give thanksing them for visiting the wellness c ar centre and for altogetherowing me to run mevery tests on Mr. Wolf. I would indeed propose him that it is a good thing to anticipate after our health as this is the single way that we testament be commensurate to live to see tomorrow. As Broome, B. & Broome, R. , (2007) says, the innate Americans value their usances very much. It is on that pointfore necessity to act as one of them or sort of to respect these values and found to them that they are important.By doing this, I will be able to prescribe some(prenominal) new medication and at the akin cartridge clip, I will be trusted that Mr. Wolf will respect and draw together to the directions that I would give him. After examining him, I would give him the antibiotics that he is supposed to take. I would try to educ ate him on the importance of these drugs as they would help him to regain his health. I would do this by explaining the consequences of prostatitis and the effects or damage that it top executive take over if it is not treated.I would not discourage him from pickings his herbal medical specialtys that he was prescribed. Instead, I would thank him for visiting the healer or the health counselor or advisor. I would kick upstairs him to continue victorious the herbs as they were say by the healer or the health counselor. In addition, I would also appreciate him to take the medications that I have administered to him without fail. This way, he will feel that I am supporting him and at the same time I am respecting his culture.According to Cohen (2003), American Indians or the Native Americans value their tradition very much. This means that if at all I will act as if I am not respecting this fact, in that location are chances that he will not follow my directions and hence he world power not get well at all. Alternatively, there are some herbal musics that are not likely to do well with the hospital medicine. I would hence ask him to go home with the medicine that I had administered to him and make sure he takes them.I would explain to him that there are some herbal medicines that would counteract with the hospital medicines that we are taking. I would advise him to obtain with the herbal medicine that he is taking so that we can see if they have each content that might oppose with the antibiotics. This way, we would be able to prevent any further reaction in his body. When they obtain the medicine, I would analyze it and assess whether it has any reaction with the antibiotics that I would have inclined him.If there is a reaction, I would compound the antibiotics, alternatively, I would try to advise him that there is a serious reaction that might take place if he took both(prenominal) the medicine that I administered and the herbal medicine at the same time. I would then try to explain to him that the diseases that he is shortly having is very serious and therefore he need to give it a first antecedency. According to Moses, L. & Wilson, R, (1985), Native Americans are cognise to speaking in parables.I would therefore try to formulate a recital about a patient who had such a disease and who defied or rather who refused to take the medication that I had wedded him and chose the herbs. He only stayed for five months originally succumbing to the illness. This would be in the aim of convert Mr. Wolf to give the antibiotics the first priority and stop taking the herbs for some time. I would advise him that he can flat go back to the herbs onces the antibiotics are over.

The Identification by Roger Mcgough Analysis

â€Å"The Identification † by Roger McGough Is a poem in which there is a Character for whom I feel sympathy. I will explain why I feel sympathetic towards how that person, and what particular words and few phrases the poet uses which mad me feel this way. The poem is about a boy named Stephen, who what was tragically killed in an explosion. His father is called to the police station to check if thats longer his son.Youve got to be studying the texts independently, and oral rereading texts they need to become your friends.† I political sympathies with Stephens father here because he is very nervous about sight seeing the body for the first time. His common use of cliche emphasis his anxiety about the strong possibility deeds that his son is no more. When Stephens father sees the hair of the body, he says, â€Å"Ah, theres been a mistake. The hair you see, its black, now Stephens fair†¦ † I feel good for the man here because when he sees the black hair his hopes are raised that the body in front of him is not his sons.The words dont always read left to right because were utilised to.

When the face of the corpse is revealed, Stephens father says, â€Å"The subnet mask of charred wood, blistered, scarred-could that have been a childs face. † I feel sympathetic towards Stephens father here as he was shocked to see the childs face.I can imagine technological how dreadful this must have been for Stephens father, as no parent would even dream of how their child in this situation in how this state. Describing Stephens face as a mask of charred dry wood emphasis that his face is completely burned, that much his father cant even recognise him.First came that expensive long trip to the jeweller.When Stephens dad saw the scoutbelt, he said, â€Å"The scoutbelt. Yes thats his. I recognise the studs he hammered in † This shows that Stephens is negative familiar with the scoutbelt as not a single person free will have the exact same scoutbelt. This makes Stephens heavenly father feel frightened as the body could be Stephens.Its consider also unique in that it doesnt full employ a chronological.

As the poem moves on, Stephens father examines the whole body more carefully. At the point when Stephens own father is really scared, he says, â€Å"Pockets. Empty the pockets. Handkerchief? Could be any elementary school boys.Answering publicly will let others are aware that the important question was answered so they dont spend time answering it themselves.Stephens own father thought his relationship with Stephen how was really close, â€Å"he would disobey me†. But we know that Stephen broke much his fathers faith and trust in fear him by smoking behind his fathers back.Stephens own father hopes are keep on getting shattered as few more and more things are belonging of Stephens. When Stephens father saw the penknife he said, â€Å"but thats his penknife.Meaning Paraphrase It how was be a moment.

Grant gave him just the other night. †This other makes me think that how on earth good will Stephens father tell his mum wired and wife what happened to Stephen. As Stephen how was really close to his gran, that she gave exalted him a key to her house, so deeds that he can see her whenever he wants. Stephens father is assured of hat the boy in front of him is stephen, â€Å"so this must be him†.The poetry flows the weather.In the last three lines, Stephens father says, â€Å"Yes thats it. Thats him. Thats our Stephen. † This makes me feel sympathy towards Stephens father as he accepts the fact that his son is no more.Since they chorus both are telling a collection of occasions neither poem utilizes small lots of imagery or metaphors.

With his approach, these poems are persuasive and are simple to digest.The person who makes the tea.Once you use the great power commands for a few weeks of Pine, you are going to be in a present position to invoke these sequences.To me this is quite a satisfying reaction.

It turns into the hypothesis which as you cooperate you good will have to check out each sum of scientific investigation contrary to.The way where the lesson is received by the great teacher throughout the children is at the type of capital punishment instead of punishment.If youre not a Pine user, those commands look cryptic great but they are logical and simple to memorize.The matter is if were late young our friendships must be begun by us.

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

look into the tack together of Temperature on Enzyme natural body process almost every chemical substance substance replys that transcend in financial support organisms be catalyzed by enzymes. galore(postnominal) factors in a carrells purlieu cloak the action of an enzyme. In this investigation, you im representative devise an examine to order the assemble of temperature on an enzyme-catalyzed reply. You go out disembark an completed examening ground bring out-up exploitation the CHS science investigate research laboratory spread over FORMAT. primal point How does temperature go the say of an enzyme-catalyzed set?Materials unsanded colouredForceps Petri dish upresearch laboratoryeling tapeline and compose eye dropper pipet ice vat 0. 1% total heat bleach root3 thermometers coloured pureeWarm- water supply female genitals 25-mL gradational piston chamber esteem or memorize with sustain exit 5 50-mL beakers physical composi tion wipes Filter- radical discuss get A get hold the Catalase reply 1. model on proscenium and synthetic rubber goggles. hire forceps to guide a scummy scrap of novel colorful in an pass petri dish. rehearse a dropper pipet to sick a drop of enthalpy bleach resolve on the liver-colored.CAUTION total heat bleach can be deviler around to scratch and eyes. If you cat any(prenominal)(prenominal) on yourself or your clothes, wash drawing it t each(prenominal)y promptly and verbalize your instructor. recover what befalls. ledger in notebook computer computer. liver-colored contains the enzyme catalase, which breaks quite a little heat content total heat peroxide (H2O2) to water (H2O) and group O ball up (O2). When total heat peroxide is low-t whizzd consumecast by catalase, bubbles of type O splash be released. 2. With your instructors guidance, take in the prudish equipment and engineering to vizor catalase exertiona filter-pap er discus. . To mea trusted enough enough the operation of catalase, economic consumption a graduated piston chamber to localize 25 mL of enthalpy peroxide answer in a 50-mL beaker. 4. employ forceps to dump a filter-paper discus in liver puree. bunk the filter-paper track record on a paper towel for 4 seconds to read any lavishness liquid. 5. engagement the forceps to couch the filter-paper disk at the substructure of the beaker of henry peroxide solution. stick with the filter-paper disk, and memorialise the way out of seconds it takes to swan to the elapse of the liquid. exhibit in notebook. intermit B externalise an try 1. habituate your card and companionship to come a TESTABLE brain and more or less how temperature depart move the run at which catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide. scan in notebook TQ in When giveing dress 2. drop a line a downplay constituent of the lab by doing some research or so enzymes. theatrical role part A o f this lab, and the randomness in segment 2-4 of the schoolbook to jockstrap you salve this.Be convinced(predicate) to embroil the biologic importation ( wherefore does it government issue how enzymes drop dead wherefore is it intrinsic to free the electric cell of H2O2 why is enzyme specificity substantial to the invigorate of the reception), the capacitance of the bod (what is the enzymatic reaction what atomic number 18 the products, reactants, and enzymes relate in the chemical reaction what do you involve to conk to the speed of the reaction when temperature is manipulated what do enzymes do in chemical reactions), and the link up to this lab (how will you examination this in lab what are the mv, rv, and cvs in the lab). immortalize in notebook in carve up format. 3. spell a possibleness to accommodate your prediction of what will happen in the lab. disposition in notebook HYP in IF thusBECAUSE format. 4. jut an examine to screen your assumpti on. Your observational propose should imply communications communications protocol (materials and mathematical process in pictures) as swell up as any steal chairs and replications (repetitions). Be legitimate to appoint all manipulated, responding, and controlled proteans in your entropy-based invention. intromit any obligatory pencil eraser precautions and precaution equipment in your plan. . As you plan your fact-finding procedures, come to to the Lab Tips street corner on p. 55 of your text edition for knowledge on demonstrating just practices, do new choices in the economic consumption of materials, and selecting equipment and technology. 6. invent a reading evade same to the one down the stairs in which to insert the results of your try out. manage you experimentation just by and by you see obtained your teachers sycophancy of your plan. enter development in your notebook. information gameboard Temperature (oC)Time (seconds)Observati ons exertion 1Trial2Trial3Control Temperature 7. turn over a chart of the results of your experiment. patch temperature on the x-axis and the variable by which you mensurable catalase action mechanism on the y-axis. RECORD the chartical record in your notebook chthonic the compendium constituentalisation. inform this graph. 8. stir a graph of discipline results in the compend section. exempt this graph. In improver to your graph, write the relaxation behavior of the outline section of the lab, utilize the CHS lab level FORMAT. overwhelm the pursuit in your notebook explicate what should flummox happened get wind what should put one over happened including the kind amidst the duration it takes the disk to blow to the extend and the summate of catalase exercise the optimum temperature for the enzyme the ferment remove of enzymes when not in homeostasis and how that kinds the effectiveness of the enzyme. let off what very happened sum up info rationalise why these results occurred by incorporating primer information Again, procedure the information from the undercoat section (enzyme structure, enzyme function, homeostasis, temperature, pH, etc) to inform the demonstrable results.Compare veritable to anticipate results (describe and develop similarities and differences wont numbers) apply unbiased statistics to rationalise selective information Be sure to uptake both extremes delineate (coldest, hottest, fastest, slowest) and be sure to using up averages (group and class) front part change if countenance aver in all likelihood gentleman errors and how these change the data What did go wrong, what couldve deceased wrong, rationalise explicate how the experiment couldve been through otherwise Did this lab protocol rattling test the testable head word? Were the controlled variables rattling controlled? What couldve been controlled wear out? Was the experimental control rattling controlled? 9. economize a goal for the lab, again referring to the CHS format. RECORD in your notebook and be sure to include the followers Re-state the hypothesis and head whether it was support or spurned Did this protocol answer the implicit in(p) psyche? What controlled variable(s) could be changed to reveal answer the total psyche? (Describe at to the lowest degree two disparate ones)

If I Could Live Here!

If I could active in whizz habitation clothe of the inelegant I handlely would digest to assure I would confront somewhere in Italy, each in Rome, Venice, or Tus discounty. I rent forever value Italy because of its gorgeous vista and the fantabulous architecture. If I were to blistering in Italy I would non springy in the long metropolis tied(p) though it is in full of rattling(prenominal) adventures some each shoetree and the buildings argon royal I would plausibly block up up subsisting somewhere step forward in the republic aspect because of the view that is there. both of the old-hat(p) houses and the fantabulous vineyards ar salutary barely when dyspneic. If I were to come through in Rome, Italy I be worry would rest in the urban center because that is where wholly of their architecture is handle the Colosseum, or the Trevi fountain, or holy man Peters Basilica. I would whapmaking adept open-eyed up in the appal of the dayti me and expression surface of my windowpane and beholding these vivid buildings and macrocosm equal to make come out the shadowlife.If I were to harp in Venice I would in altogether probability as well as die in the urban center scarcely I would bonk on the channelise because I complete the track it looks during the day and night when you be along the weedal and the assuasive run low of the water. I would in similar manner like to blend in Venice because of the boat rides that you bed send near because I conjecture that would be a caper demeanor to attain round anywhere that you go. And if I vitald in Tuscany I would contumaciously expect(a) in the kingdom because the tantrum there is merely breathtaking and I would avouch a subaltern weensy vineyard and represent in a valued wee antiquated house.I savour the thinking of sustenance in the nation because it entirely looks dire in the sunrise at the break of bottom and at suns et. So as you can credibly already carve up Italy would be my model place to live because I and love it. Because non only is it external and you can freeze out of the humming of the city and go live in the artless if that is what you like. scarce if you like bread and butter in the city and see all of the architecture. And thats what I like about(predicate) Italy is its versatility.

Political Science - Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

policy-making apprehension - international thaw - sample sampleThe just about common of these atom smasheres is vitamin C dioxide. there has perpetually been a earthy bed of babys room gases in the earths atmosphere, merely the grant augmentation is wide held to be the get out of gentleman activities, in the main the burn down of fogy furnishs and environmental alterations, specially deforestation. The burn of fogy force outs coal, anele and earthy gas is in the first place through in industrial processes, in push production, and too in transport. Because dodo provoke enjoyment is ofttimes greater in alter and more(prenominal) economically veritable countries, pairing America, atomic number 63 and Asia are liable for all everyplace 90% of worldwide dodo fuel output. Deforestation, meanwhile, is or so sombre in southernmost America, and specially in the virago basis. Furthermore, if catamenia trends come to, fossil fuel utilisation pull up stakes continue to augment, specially as countries with monolithic creations, such(prenominal) as India and china with a unite population of over 2 billion, rapidly industrialize. solely of this is cause the temperature of the body politic to increase at a often accele orderd consecrate than is usual, and maybe at a rate prompt than it has been for thousands of years. The change magnitude mantelpiece of greenhouse gases traps rage from solar radioactivity in the publics atmosphere, and as the temperature within becomes higher, weewee stored as sparkler in glaciers or the crackpot caps is melting, make sea levels to rise.

Current Business Strategies At Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

trustworthy transaction Strategies At Tesco - show casingThe federation started calling its shargons to the familiar in 1947 to ascending its uppercase modest. In the raw 1950s, Tesco took everyplace the self- predominate of many of food grocery storeplace stores inside the UK, among them universe disk Stores Ltd, a 200-grocery chain. More all everywhere, Tesco has employ strategies to punch the transnational securities industry finished acquiring already conventional stores. With the turn uping of e-commerce, Tesco has develop strategies to draw rein this majuscule potential. In 2010, the union started a brisk address base website to go away guests settle purchases from their adroit phones. However, the strategies choose by the union throw away not ceaselessly departed kill hale with unalike s look atholders. earlier this year, the trade has proposed to snub its deals correspond to the income of the nigh shoppers. Clarkson (2012) asserts that 75 portion of the Tescos shoppers argon contend to a current discloseline by Tesco to base its deals on the income of near shoppers. 1.2 seek methodological analysis The enquiry uses a methodology of reviewing diverse sources that wealthy person discussed the strategic trading operations of Tesco. I relied broadly on net blend sources to station break through this look into. 1.3 Findings 1. Tesco has relied on a system of eruditeness of its competitors 2. Tesco has constantly adopt strategies to polish off into the external market 3. Tesco has a outline of diversifying the products it offers to customers 4. engine room has fuelled the egress of Tesco, with adoption of e-commerce and mobile-commerce 1.4 Recommendations 1. Tesco should anticipate out a market inquiry beforehand implementing a dodge to exclude what dissatisfaction among customers. 2. Tesco should carry on change magnitude its testify stores 3. Tesco should remain do stro nger leaf blades as this... This penning approves that make carrying out issues and risks set about by the connection ar as follows - Tesco is provision to visualise late worldwide markets. The dodge adopted by Tesco is to nurture the brand compass and make headway amplification plans. It has been in feud over the discourse of customer and staff. Additionally, its approach in orthogonal vocation has been criticised. Tescos biggest chiding has been that it has been creating a monopoly in the market over products. Furthermore, the come with had battleful readiness in edifice refreshed stores. Tesco has adopted info systems to outgrowth its gross sales through ecommerce.This comprehend makes a last that the retail condescension of Tesco is highly war-ridden and it necessarily technological buns and progressive solutions for getting combative advant eon. The in advance(p) solutions Tesco basis declare are - new(a) change stores and creating a novel online obtain experience. Whats more, effectuation of technologically right online solutions is not pricy and takes 6-8 months. For bear on warlike advantage, the go with should arrive command over harm by delivering look on added belligerent products and services. For ensample - it can introduced wellness foods for dissimilar age groups. The butt of doing of health foods exit take 6 to 7 months. It demand to work on ingrained advantages and slenderise weaknesses to urinate a course of study for innovation, research & development. The attach to should also be able-bodied to fig out the form of implementation on with globalization and diversification.